The First Book. CHAPTER I. The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the Commencement of the Peloponnesian War. 1 THUCYDIDES, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it data:image/png;base64,iVBORw0KGgoAAAANSUhEUgAAAKAAAAB4CAYAAAB1ovlvAAAAAXNSR0IArs4c6QAAArNJREFUeF7t1zFqKlEAhtEbTe8CXJO1YBFtXEd2lE24G+1FBZmH6VIkxSv8QM5UFgM The Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN; Kyūjitai: 大日本帝國海軍 Shinjitai: 大日本帝国海軍 Dai-Nippon Teikoku Kaigun (help · info) 'Navy of the Greater Japanese Empire', or 日本海軍 Nippon Kaigun, 'Japanese Navy') was the navy of the Empire of Japan from to , when it was dissolved following Japan's surrender in World War blogger.com Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force (JMSDF
USA 5"/38 ( cm) Mark 12 - NavWeaps
Thucydides, as he himself tells us, was an Athenian and lived during the period of the Peloponnesian War, though, from the unfinished state of his work, he probably died before it came to an end.
Believing in the early stages of the war that it would be one of the most important wars in Greek history, he collected his materials and began the early drafts of his history soon after the war began. The first book is his study of events essay armament expenditure to the war and represents the earliest surviving account of the building of the Athenian empire, essay armament expenditure.
The subsequent books narrate the course of the war itself. The electronic text version of this translation comes from the Eris Project at Virginia Tech, which has made it available for public use. The hypertext version presented here has been designed for students of Ancient History at the University of Calgary, essay armament expenditure.
I have added the section numbers to facilitate specific citation or to find a specific passage from essay armament expenditure citation; these are displayed in redif your browser is capable of understanding later versions of HTML and the internal links essay armament expenditure allow navigation ; editions of the Greek texts have further subdivisions, but these have not been added at this point. The division into chapters and the descriptions of their contents is the work of Crawley; I have adopted these as the divisions for the internal links, since the number of sections is rather large.
To compensate, I have listed the sections included in each chapter alongside the links to the chapters; this should eliminate the need for excessive scrolling of text to find specific sections. Crawley's paragraphs have been adopted here, with very little modification. Another HTML version, with no numeration, but with each chapter as an individual document if you prefer this, essay armament expenditure, is available at the Internet Classics Archive from the Massachusetts Essay armament expenditure of Technology.
Vanderspoel, essay armament expenditure, Department of Greek, essay armament expenditure, Latin and Ancient History, University of Calgary. I Sections II Sections III Sections IV Sections V Sections The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the Commencement of the Peloponnesian War. This belief was not without its grounds, essay armament expenditure. The preparations of both the combatants were in every department in the last state of perfection; and he could see the rest of the Hellenic race taking sides in the quarrel; those who delayed doing so at once having it in contemplation.
Indeed this was the greatest movement yet known in history, not only of the Hellenes, but of a large part of the barbarian world- I had almost said of mankind. For though the events of remote antiquity, and even those that more immediately preceded the war, could not from lapse of time be clearly ascertained, yet the evidences which an inquiry carried as far back as was practicable leads me to trust, all point essay armament expenditure the conclusion that there was nothing on a great scale, either in war or in other matters.
Without commerce, without freedom of communication either by land or sea, cultivating no more of their territory than the exigencies of life required, destitute of capital, never planting their land for they could essay armament expenditure tell when an invader might not come and take it all away, and when he did come they had no walls to stop himthinking that the necessities of daily sustenance could be supplied at one place as well as another, they cared little for shifting their habitation, essay armament expenditure, and consequently neither built large cities nor attained to any other form of greatness.
The richest soils were always most subject to this change of masters; such as the district now called Thessaly, essay armament expenditure, Boeotia, most of the Peloponnese, Essay armament expenditure excepted, and the most fertile parts essay armament expenditure the rest of Hellas, essay armament expenditure.
The goodness of the land favoured the aggrandizement essay armament expenditure particular individuals, and thus created faction which proved a fertile source of ruin. It also invited invasion. Accordingly Attica, from the poverty of its soil enjoying from a very remote period freedom from faction, never changed its inhabitants. And here is no inconsiderable exemplification of my assertion that the migrations were the cause of there being no correspondent growth in other parts.
The essay armament expenditure powerful victims of war or faction from the rest of Hellas took refuge with the Athenians as a safe retreat; and at an early period, becoming naturalized, swelled the already large population of the city to such a height that Attica became at last too small to hold them, and they had to send out colonies to Ionia. Before the Trojan war there is no indication of any common action in Hellas, nor indeed of the universal prevalence of the name; on the contrary, before the time of Hellen, son of Deucalion, essay armament expenditure, no such appellation existed, but the country went by the names of the different tribes, in particular of the Pelasgian.
It was not till Hellen and his sons grew strong in Phthiotis, and were invited as allies into the other cities, that one by one they gradually acquired from the connection the name of Hellenes; though a long time elapsed before that name could fasten itself upon all.
The best proof of this is furnished by Homer. Born long after the Trojan War, he nowhere calls all of them by that name, nor indeed any of them except the followers of Achilles from Phthiotis, who were the original Hellenes: essay armament expenditure his poems they are called Danaans, Argives, essay armament expenditure Achaeans.
He does not even use the term barbarian, probably because the Hellenes had not yet been marked off from the rest of the world by one distinctive appellation. It appears therefore that the several Hellenic communities, comprising not only those who first acquired the name, city by city, as they came to understand each other, but also those who assumed it afterwards as the name of the whole people, were before the Trojan war prevented by their want of strength and the absence of mutual intercourse from displaying any essay armament expenditure action.
Indeed, they could not unite for this expedition till they had gained increased familiarity with the sea. He made himself master of what is now called the Hellenic sea, and ruled over the Cyclades, into most of which he sent the first colonies, expelling the Carians and appointing his own sons governors; and thus did his best to put down piracy in those waters, a necessary step to secure the revenues for his own use.
They would fall upon a town unprotected by walls, and consisting of a mere collection of villages, and would plunder it; indeed, this came to be the main source of their livelihood, no disgrace being yet attached to such an achievement, but even some glory. An illustration of this is furnished by the honour with which some of the inhabitants of the continent still regard a successful marauder, and by the question we find the old poets everywhere representing the people as asking of voyagers- "Are they pirates?
The same rapine prevailed also by land. And even at the present day many of Hellas still follow the old fashion, the Ozolian Locrians for instance, the Aetolians, the Acarnanians, and essay armament expenditure region of the continent; and the custom of carrying arms is still kept up among these continentals, from the old piratical habits.
The whole of Hellas used once to carry arms, their habitations being unprotected and their communication with each other unsafe; 6 indeed, to wear arms was as much a part of everyday life with them as with the barbarians. And the fact that the people in these parts of Hellas are still living in the old way points to a time when the same mode of life was once equally common to all. The Athenians were the first to lay aside their weapons, essay armament expenditure, and to adopt an easier and more luxurious mode of life; indeed, it is only lately that their rich old men left off the luxury of essay armament expenditure undergarments of linen, and fastening a knot essay armament expenditure their hair with a tie of golden grasshoppers, a fashion which spread to their Ionian kindred and long prevailed among the old men there.
On the contrary, a modest style of dressing, more in conformity with modern ideas, was first adopted by the Lacedaemonians, the rich doing their best to assimilate their way of life to that of the common people. They also set the example of contending naked, essay armament expenditure, publicly stripping and anointing themselves with oil in their gymnastic exercises.
Formerly, even in the Olympic contests, the athletes who contended wore belts across their middles; and it is but a few years since that the practice ceased.
To this day among some of the barbarians, especially in Asia, when prizes for boxing and wrestling are offered, belts are worn by the combatants.
And there are many other points in which a likeness might be shown between the life of the Hellenic world of old and the barbarian of to-day. But the old towns, on account of the great prevalence of piracy, were built away from the sea, whether on the islands or the continent, essay armament expenditure, and still remain in their old sites.
For the pirates used to plunder one another, and indeed all coast populations, whether seafaring or not. These islanders were Carians and Phoenicians, by whom most of the islands were colonized, as was proved by the following fact, essay armament expenditure.
During the purification of Delos by Athens in this war all the graves in the island were taken up, and it was found that above half their inmates were Carians: they were identified by the fashion of the arms buried with them, and by the method of interment, essay armament expenditure, which was the same as the Carians still follow. But as soon as Minos had formed his navy, communication by sea became easier, as he colonized most of the islands, and thus expelled the malefactors.
The coast population now began to apply themselves more closely to the acquisition of wealth, and their life became more settled; some even began to build themselves walls on the strength of their newly acquired riches.
For the love of gain would reconcile the weaker to the dominion of the stronger, and the possession of capital enabled the more powerful to reduce the smaller towns to subjection. And it was at a somewhat later stage of this development that they went on the expedition against Troy. Indeed, the account given by those Peloponnesians who have been the recipients of the most credible tradition is this, essay armament expenditure.
First of all Pelops, arriving among a needy population from Essay armament expenditure with vast wealth, acquired such power that, stranger though he was, the country was called after him; and this power fortune saw fit materially to increase in the hands of his descendants. Eurystheus had been killed in Attica by the Heraclids. Atreus was his mother's brother; and to the hands of his relation, who had left his father on account of the death of Chrysippus, Eurystheus, essay armament expenditure, when he set out on his expedition, had committed Mycenae and the government.
As time went on and Eurystheus did not return, Atreus complied with the wishes of the Mycenaeans, who were influenced by fear of the Essay armament expenditure besides, his power seemed considerable, and he had not neglected to court the favour of the populace- and assumed the sceptre of Mycenae and the rest of the dominions of Eurystheus.
And so the power of the descendants of Pelops came to be greater than that of the descendants of Perseus. To all this Agamemnon succeeded. He had also a navy far stronger than his contemporaries, so that, in my opinion, fear was quite as strong an element as love in the formation of the confederate expedition.
The strength of his navy is shown by the fact that his own was the largest contingent, and that of the Arcadians was furnished by him; this at least is what Homer says, if his testimony is deemed sufficient. Besides, in his account of the transmission of the sceptre, he calls him. Now Agamemnon's was a continental power; and he could not have been master of any except the adjacent islands and these would not be manybut through the possession of a fleet.
And from this expedition we may infer the character of earlier enterprises, essay armament expenditure. For I suppose if Lacedaemon were to become desolate, and the temples and the foundations of the public buildings were left, essay armament expenditure, that as time went on there would be a strong disposition essay armament expenditure posterity to refuse to accept her fame as a true exponent of her power.
And yet they occupy two-fifths of Peloponnese and lead the whole, essay armament expenditure, not to speak of their numerous allies without. Still, as the city is neither built in a compact form nor adorned with magnificent temples and public edifices, essay armament expenditure, but composed of villages after the old fashion of Hellas, there would be an impression of inadequacy.
Whereas, if Athens were to suffer the same misfortune, I suppose that any inference from the appearance presented to the eye would make her power to have been twice as great as it is. We have therefore no right to be sceptical, nor to content ourselves with an inspection of a town to the exclusion of a consideration of its power; but we may safely conclude that the armament in question surpassed all before it, as it fell short of modern efforts; if we can here also accept the testimony of Homer's poems, in which, without allowing for the exaggeration which a poet would feel himself licensed to employ, we can see that it was far from equalling ours.
He has represented it as consisting of twelve hundred vessels; the Boeotian complement of each ship being a hundred and twenty men, that of the ships of Philoctetes fifty, essay armament expenditure. By this, I conceive, he meant to convey the maximum and the minimum complement: at any rate, he does not specify the amount of any others in his catalogue of the ships.
That they were all rowers as well as warriors we see from his account of the ships of Philoctetes, in which all the men at the oar are bowmen. Now it is improbable that many supernumeraries sailed, if we except the kings and high essay armament expenditure especially as they had to cross the open sea with munitions of war, in ships, moreover, that had no essay armament expenditure, but essay armament expenditure equipped in the old piratical fashion, essay armament expenditure.
So that if we strike the average of the largest and smallest ships, the number of those who sailed will appear inconsiderable, representing, as they did, the whole force of Hellas. Difficulty of subsistence made the invaders reduce the numbers of the army to a point at which it might live on the country during the prosecution of the war.
Even after the victory they obtained on their arrival- and a victory there must have been, or the fortifications of the naval camp could never have been built- there is no indication of their whole force having been employed; on the contrary, they seem to have turned to cultivation of the Chersonese and to piracy from want of supplies.
This was what really enabled the Trojans to keep the field for ten years against them; the dispersion of the enemy making them always a match for the detachment left behind.
If they had brought plenty of supplies with them, and had persevered in the war without scattering for piracy and agriculture, they would have easily defeated the Trojans in the field, essay armament expenditure, since they could hold their own against essay armament expenditure with the division on service.
In short, if they had stuck to the siege, the capture of Troy would have cost them less time and less trouble. Even after the Trojan War, Hellas was still engaged in removing and settling, and thus could not attain to the quiet which must precede growth. The late return of the Hellenes from Ilium caused many revolutions, and factions ensued almost everywhere; and it was the citizens thus driven into exile who founded the cities.
Sixty years after the capture of Ilium, the modern Boeotians were driven out of Arne by the Thessalians, and settled in the present Boeotia, the former Cadmeis; though there was a division of them there before, some of whom joined the expedition to Ilium. Twenty years later, the Dorians and the Heraclids became masters of Peloponnese; so that much had to be done and many years had to elapse before Hellas could attain to a durable tranquillity undisturbed by removals, and could essay armament expenditure to send out colonies, as Athens did to Ionia and most of the islands, and the Peloponnesians to most of Italy and Sicily and some places in the rest of Hellas, essay armament expenditure.
All these places were founded subsequently to the war with Troy. It is said that the Corinthians were the first to approach the modern style of naval architecture, and that Corinth was the first place in Hellas where galleys were built; and we have Ameinocles, a Corinthian shipwright, making four ships for the Samians. Dating from the end of this war, it is nearly three hundred years ago that Ameinocles went to Samos. Again, essay armament expenditure, the earliest sea-fight in history was between the Corinthians and Corcyraeans; this was about two hundred and sixty years ago, essay armament expenditure, dating from the same time.
Planted on an isthmus, Corinth had from time out of mind been a commercial emporium; as formerly almost all communication between essay armament expenditure Hellenes within and without Peloponnese was carried on overland, and the Corinthian territory was the highway through which it travelled.
She had consequently great money resources, as is shown by the epithet "wealthy" bestowed by the old poets on the place, essay armament expenditure, and this enabled her, when traffic by sea became essay armament expenditure common, to procure her navy and put down piracy; and as she could offer a mart for both branches of the trade, she acquired for herself all the power which a large revenue affords.
Subsequently the Ionians attained to great naval strength in the reign of Cyrus, the first king of the Persians, and of his son Cambyses, and while they were at war with the former commanded for a while the Ionian sea. Polycrates also, the tyrant of Samos, had a powerful navy in the reign of Cambyses, with which he reduced many of the islands, essay armament expenditure, and among them Rhenea, which he consecrated to the Delian Apollo.
About this time also the Phocaeans, while they were founding Marseilles, defeated the Carthaginians in a sea-fight. And even these, although so many generations had elapsed since the Trojan war, seem to have been principally composed of the old fifty-oars and long-boats, and to have counted few galleys among their ranks. Indeed it was only shortly the Persian war, and the death of Darius the successor of Cambyses, that the Sicilian tyrants and the Essay armament expenditure acquired any large number of galleys.
For after these there were no navies of any account in Hellas till the expedition of Xerxes; Aegina, Athens, and others may have possessed a few vessels, but they were principally fifty-oars. It was quite at the end of this period essay armament expenditure the war with Aegina and the prospect of the barbarian invasion enabled Themistocles to persuade the Athenians to build the fleet with which they fought at Salamis; and even these vessels had not complete decks.
All their insignificance did not prevent their being an element of the greatest power to those who cultivated them, alike in revenue and in dominion. They were the essay armament expenditure by which the islands were reached and reduced, essay armament expenditure, those of the smallest area falling the easiest prey.
Star Wars: The Sequel Trilogy is Better than you Realize - Video Essay
, time: 40:21Science policy of the United States - Wikipedia
The First Book. CHAPTER I. The State of Greece from the earliest Times to the Commencement of the Peloponnesian War. 1 THUCYDIDES, an Athenian, wrote the history of the war between the Peloponnesians and the Athenians, beginning at the moment that it broke out, and believing that it would be a great war and more worthy of relation than any that had preceded it substancial - Free ebook download as Text File .txt), PDF File .pdf) or read book online for free. contains some random words for machine learning natural language processing Aug 03, · Notice Writing: A notice is a short composition which is direct, formal and straightforward in style. A notice is a very important form of written communication used by individuals and organisations to convey information about functions, events and occasions or to announce something that has happened or is about to happen. In the examination, it [ ]
No comments:
Post a Comment